Payables

An accounting entry that represents an entity's obligation to pay off a short-term debt to its creditors. The accounts payable entry is found on a balance sheet under the heading current liabilities.

Accounts payable are often referred to as "payables".

Another common usage of AP refers to a business department or division that is responsible for making payments owed by the company to suppliers and other creditors

Oracle Product Lifecycle Management

What is PLM, or Product Life Cycle Management? Good question and one we should define before we help you: decide if you need it, explain how it can help you and figure out what parts of it you need - or don't need. Product Lifecycle Management can be interpreted in numerous ways. Leading authorities provide their own interpretation of PLM, a variety of which are listed below:

"PLM is a strategic business approach that applies a consistent set of business solutions in support of the collaborative creation, management, dissemination, and use of product definition information across the extended enterprise, and spanning from product concept to end of life-integrating people, processes, business systems, and information. PLM forms the product information backbone for a company and its extended enterprise." Source:  CIMdata

"Product life cycle management or PLM is an all-encompassing approach for innovation, new product development and introduction (NPDI) and product information management from ideation to end of life. PLM Systems as an enabling technology for PLM integrate people, data, processes, and business systems and provide a product information backbone for companies and their extended enterprise." Source:  PLM Technology Guide

"The core of PLM (product life cycle management) is in the creations and central management of all product data and the technology used to access this information and knowledge. PLM as a discipline emerged from tools such as CAD, CAM and PDM, but can be viewed as the integration of these tools with methods, people and the processes through all stages of a product's life." Source:  Wikipedia article on Product Lifecycle Management

"Product life cycle management is the process of managing product-related design, production and maintenance information. PLM may also serve as the central repository for secondary information, such as vendor application notes, catalogs, customer feedback, marketing plans, archived project schedules, and other information acquired over the product's life." Source:  Product Lifecycle Management

"It is important to note that PLM is not a definition of a piece, or pieces, of technology. It is a definition of a business approach to solving the problem of managing the complete set of product definition information-creating that information, managing it through its life, and disseminating and using it throughout the lifecycle of the product. PLM is not just a technology, but is an approach in which processes are as important, or more important than data." Source:  CIMdata

"PLM or Product Life cycle Management is a process or system used to manage the data and design process associated with the life of a product from its conception and envisioning through its manufacture, to its retirement and disposal. PLM manages data, people, business processes, manufacturing processes, and anything else pertaining to a product. A PLM system acts as a central information hub for everyone associated with a given product, so a well-managed PLM system can streamline product development and facilitate easier communication among those working on/with a product. Source:  Aras

Oracle Service Management solution

Service management is integrated into supply chain management as the intersection between the actual sales and the customer. The aim of high performance service management is to optimize the service-intensive supply chains, which are usually more complex than the typical finished-goods supply chain. Most service-intensive supply chains require larger inventories and tighter integration with field service and third parties. They also must accommodate inconsistent and uncertain demand by establishing more advanced information and product flows. Moreover, all processes must be coordinated across numerous service locations with large numbers of parts and multiple levels in the supply chain.
Among typical manufacturers, post-sale services (maintenance, repair and parts) comprise less than 20 percent of revenue. But among the most innovative companies in Service, those same activities often generate more than 50 percent of the profits.  (source - Wikipedia )

Sourcing / Buying

Sourcing and Purchasing activities contribute to: 

• establishing and managing relationships with the external and internal suppliers,
• participating in the specification of Alstom’s requirements,
• selecting suppliers and negotiating contracts,
• organising the delivery of services or goods,
• ensuring the satisfaction of Alstom's internal customers.

Sourcing / Purchasing job fields include 

• Buying
• International Purchasing
• Project Management Sourcing
• Sourcing & Negotiation
• Supplier Quality and Development
• Supply Chain

Oracle Purchase Requisition / Pur req / Purchase Requisition

Oracle Purchasing is the application for professional buyers that streamlines purchase order processing while strengthening policy compliance. It is a key component of Oracle Advanced Procurement
According to independent experts the key to achieving world class procurement performance lies in using technology to automate routine tasks. This frees procurement professionals to work on more strategic tasks related to sourcing and supplier management. Oracle Purchasing does just that. It automates purchasing to make buyers more productive, improves management of your supply base, and adapts to virtually any procurement process.
As the heart of the Oracle Advanced Procurement suite, Oracle Purchasing provides a rich store of policy and supplier information, an enterprise class automation platform, and a robust workbench for buying professionals.

- Source (www.oracle.com)

Oracle Order to Cash process flow / O2C

Order to cash normally refer to the process in which taking customer sale order via different sales channel like email, internet, sales person, fax or by some other means like EDI, and then fulfilling the order, shipping, logistic and then generating an invoice and collecting payment for that invoice and then receipt. if we consider the flow ,this can be further categorize into seven sub-process like

• Customer
• Order entry (creation of order /booking of order )
• Order fulfillment
• Distribution
• Invoicing
• Customer payments /Collection
• Receipt

Order to Cash / O2C

Order to cash normally refer to the process in which taking customer sale order via different sales channel like email, internet, sales person, fax or by some other means like EDI, and then fulfilling the order, shipping, logistic and then generating an invoice and collecting payment for that invoice and then receipt. if we consider the flow ,this can be further categorize into seven sub-process like

• Customer
• Order entry (creation of order /booking of order )
• Order fulfillment
• Distribution
• Invoicing
• Customer payments /Collection
• Receipt

Crude Oil Refining

A refinery is a factory. A refinery takes a raw material (crude oil) and transforms it into petrol and hundreds of other useful products. A typical large refinery costs billions of pounds to build and millions more to run and upgrade. It runs around the clock 365 days a year, employs  hundreds of people and occupies as much land as several hundred football pitches.
A REFINERY breaks crude oil down into its various components, which then are selectively changed into new products. This process takes place inside a maze of pipes and vessels. The refinery is operated from a highly automated control room.
All refineries perform three basic steps:

• Separation (fractional distillation)
• Conversion (cracking and rearranging the molecules)
• Treatment

Oil Refinery Processing and Outputs

• It is important to realise that the column is hot at the bottom and cool at the top.
• The crude oil separates into fractions according to weight and boiling point.
• The lightest fractions, including petrol and liquid petroleum gas (LPG), vapourise and rise to the top of the tower.
• Kerosine (aviation fuel) and diesel oil, stay in the middle of the tower
• Heavier liquids separate lower down.
• The heaviest fractions with the highest boiling points settle at the very bottom.

The following table shows how the behaviour of the hydrocarbon molecules alter:

AT THE TOP OF THE COLUMN		AT THE BOTTOM OF THE COLUMN
Short carbon chains		Long carbon chains
Light molecules		Heavy molecules
Low boiling points		High boiling points
Gases & very runny liquids		Thick, viscous liquids
Very volatile		Low volatility
Highly flammable		Not very flammable
Light colour		Dark colour
Petrol comes off near the top of the column. Does the list above describe petrol?		Fuel oil comes off near the bottom of the column. Does the list above describe fuel oil?

The fractions are now ready for piping to the next areas within the refinery. Some fractions require very little additional processing. However, most molecules require much more processing to become high-value products.

Conversion: cracking and rearranging molecules Some fractions from the distillation towers need to be transformed into new components . This is where a refinery makes money, because the low-value fractions that aren't in great demand can be converted to petrol and other useful chemicals.

The most widely used conversion method is called cracking because it uses heat and pressure to "crack" heavy hydrocarbon molecules into lighter ones. A cracking unit consists of one or more tall, thick-walled, reactors and a network of furnaces, heat exchangers and other vessels. Catalytic cracking, or "cat cracking," is the basic petrol-making process. Using intense heat (about 600°C), low pressure and a powdered catalyst (a substance that speeds up a  chemical reaction), the cat cracker can convert most of the heavy fractions into smaller more useful molecules. Some refineries also have cokers, which use heat and moderate pressure to turn the really heavy fractions into lighter products and a hard, coal like substance that is used as an industrial fuel. Cracking and coking are not the only forms of conversion. Other refinery processes, instead of splitting molecules, rearrange them to add value. Alkylation makes petrol components by combining some of the gaseous byproducts of cracking. The process, which essentially is cracking in reverse, takes place in a series of large, horizontal vessels.

Reforming uses heat, moderate pressure and catalysts to turn naphtha into high-octane petrol.

Treatment: the finishing touch

Today, a major portion of refining involves blending, purifying, fine-tuning and improving products to meet specific requirements. To make  petrol, refinery workers carefully blend together a variety of hydrocarbons. Technicians also add performance additives and dyes that distinguish the various grades of fuel. By the time the petrol is pumped into a car it contains more than 200 hydrocarbons and additives.
Example: Petrol companies produce different blends of fuels to suit the weather. In winter, they put in more volatile hydrocarbons (with short carbon chains) and in summer they add less volatile hydrocarbons to compensate for the higher temperatures.

- Source (http://www.moorlandschool.co.uk/earth/oilrefinery.htm)

Oil Refinery

A refinery is a factory. A refinery takes a raw material (crude oil) and transforms it into petrol and hundreds of other useful products. A typical large refinery costs billions of pounds to build and millions more to run and upgrade. It runs around the clock 365 days a year, employs  hundreds of people and occupies as much land as several hundred football pitches. A REFINERY breaks crude oil down into its various components, which then are selectively changed into new products. This process takes place inside a maze of pipes and vessels. The refinery is operated from a highly automated control room. All refineries perform three basic steps: Separation (fractional distillation) Conversion (cracking and rearranging the molecules) Treatment

Modern separation involves piping crude oil through hot furnaces. The resulting liquids and vapours are passed into distillation towers:-

		FRACTION	B Pt  oC	Number of carbons	Uses
		»Refinery gas		1-4	Bottled gas, fuels
		»Petrol	40	~8	Fuel for cars
		»Naptha	110	~10	Raw material for chemicals and plastics.
		»Kerosine	180	~15	Fuel for Aeroplanes
		»Diesel	250	~20	Fuel for cars and lorries
		»Oils	340	~35	Fuel for Power Stations, Lubricants and grease
Hot crude »		»Bitumen	400+	40+	Road surfacing.

• It is important to realise that the column is hot at the bottom and cool at the top.
• The crude oil separates into fractions according to weight and boiling point.
• The lightest fractions, including petrol and liquid petroleum gas (LPG), vapourise and rise to the top of the tower.
• Kerosine (aviation fuel) and diesel oil, stay in the middle of the tower
• Heavier liquids separate lower down.
• The heaviest fractions with the highest boiling points settle at the very bottom.

The following table shows how the behaviour of the hydrocarbon molecules alter:

AT THE TOP OF THE COLUMN		AT THE BOTTOM OF THE COLUMN
Short carbon chains		Long carbon chains
Light molecules		Heavy molecules
Low boiling points		High boiling points
Gases & very runny liquids		Thick, viscous liquids
Very volatile		Low volatility
Highly flammable		Not very flammable
Light colour		Dark colour
Petrol comes off near the top of the column. Does the list above describe petrol?		Fuel oil comes off near the bottom of the column. Does the list above describe fuel oil?

The fractions are now ready for piping to the next areas within the refinery. Some fractions require very little additional processing. However, most molecules require much more processing to become high-value products.

Conversion: cracking and rearranging molecules Some fractions from the distillation towers need to be transformed into new components . This is where a refinery makes money, because the low-value fractions that aren't in great demand can be converted to petrol and other useful chemicals.

The most widely used conversion method is called cracking because it uses heat and pressure to "crack" heavy hydrocarbon molecules into lighter ones. A cracking unit consists of one or more tall, thick-walled, reactors and a network of furnaces, heat exchangers and other vessels. Catalytic cracking, or "cat cracking," is the basic petrol-making process. Using intense heat (about 600°C), low pressure and a powdered catalyst (a substance that speeds up a  chemical reaction), the cat cracker can convert most of the heavy fractions into smaller more useful molecules. Some refineries also have cokers, which use heat and moderate pressure to turn the really heavy fractions into lighter products and a hard, coal like substance that is used as an industrial fuel. Cracking and coking are not the only forms of conversion. Other refinery processes, instead of splitting molecules, rearrange them to add value. Alkylation makes petrol components by combining some of the gaseous byproducts of cracking. The process, which essentially is cracking in reverse, takes place in a series of large, horizontal vessels.

Reforming uses heat, moderate pressure and catalysts to turn naphtha into high-octane petrol.

Treatment: the finishing touch

Today, a major portion of refining involves blending, purifying, fine-tuning and improving products to meet specific requirements. To make  petrol, refinery workers carefully blend together a variety of hydrocarbons. Technicians also add performance additives and dyes that distinguish the various grades of fuel. By the time the petrol is pumped into a car it contains more than 200 hydrocarbons and additives.
Example: Petrol companies produce different blends of fuels to suit the weather. In winter, they put in more volatile hydrocarbons (with short carbon chains) and in summer they add less volatile hydrocarbons to compensate for the higher temperatures.
Back to OIL & GA

- Source (http://www.moorlandschool.co.uk/earth/oilrefinery.htm)

Oil Refinery

Oil Storage Container

Upstream - Midstream - Downstream

The upstream sector

The upstream sector involves the exploration for and extraction of petroleum crude oil and natural gas. The upstream oil sector is also known as the exploration and production (E&P) sector.
The upstream sector includes the searching for potential underground or underwater oil and gas fields, drilling of exploratory wells, and subsequently operating the wells that recover and bring the petroleum crude oil and/or raw natural gas to the surface.

The midstream sector

The midstream involves storing, marketing and transporting petroleum crude oil, natural gas, natural gas liquids (mainly ethane, propane and butane) and byproduct sulfur. Midstream operations are sometimes included in the downstream category.

The downstream sector

The downstream sector involves the refining of petroleum crude oil and the processing of raw natural gas. It includes the selling and distribution of processed natural gas and the products derived from petroleum crude oil such as liquified petroleum gas (LPG), gasoline (or petrol), jet fuel, diesel oil, other fuel oils, petroleum asphalt and petroleum coke.
The downstream sector includes petroleum refineries,^[1] petroleum product distribution, retail outlets and natural gas distribution companies.

Byproduct sulfur

Petroleum crude oil is a mixture of hundreds of hydrocarbons, many of which contain sulfur that is removed during the refining of the crude oil. Raw natural gas also has sulfur-containing compounds, which are removed in processing of the raw natural gas before it is distributed to consumers. The sulfur-containing compounds removed in the refining and processing of petroleum crude oil and raw natural gas are subsequently converted into byproduct elemental sulfur. The production and marketing of the byproduct sulfur is considered to be part of the downstream sector.
The vast majority of the 64,000,000 metric tons of sulfur produced worldwide in 2005 was byproduct sulphur from refineries and natural gas processing plants.^[2]

Petrochemical industry

The petrochemical industry is not generally considered to be a part of the petroleum industry. However, it is sometimes listed as a part of the downstream sector and sometimes as a fourth sector of the petroleum industry.

- Source (http://en.citizendium.org/wiki/upstream,_midstream_and_downstream_%28petroleum_industry%29)

Oil Recovery

Oil Refinery Plant

Enhanced Oil Recovery

Drilling Rig - Oil Well

Petroleum Refining Process

Oil Well

An oil well is a general term for any boring through the Earth's surface that is designed to find and acquire petroleum oil hydrocarbons. Usually some natural gas is produced along with the oil. A well that is designed to produce mainly or only gas may be termed a gas well (Source :Wikipedia)

Pulp and Paper Process / Paper Manufacturing Process

The Full paper making process

• Timber
• De-Barker
• Chipping Machine
• Chemical Pulping Process
• Mechanical Pulping Process
• Hydrapulper
• Blend Chest
• Waste Paper
• De-inking
• Refining
• Screening and Cleaning
• Papermaking Machine
• Conversion and Printing

Timber

Timber used for papermaking comes from well managed forests where more trees are planted than harvested to ensure sustainable growth.
Papermakers usually use only the parts of the tree that other commercial industries don't want - such as saw mill waste and forest thinnings.
Go to publications for details of a Trees used for Papermaking Poster.

De-Barker

Bark is stripped from the logs by knife, drum, abrasion, or hydraulic barker. The stripped bark is then used for fuel or as soil enrichment.

Chipping Machine

Stripped logs are chipped into small pieces by knives mounted in massive steel wheels (used in chemical pulping process).
The chips pass through vibrating screens, whereby both undersized chips, dust etc and oversized chips are rejected.
Accepted chips are then stored in huge bins ready for the next process. 

Chemical Pulping Process

Chips from the storage bins are fed into a digester to which chemicals have been added. The woodchips are then 'cooked' to remove lignin. Lignin is the binding material which holds the cellulose fibres together.
The chips are 'cooked' by heat and pressure in caustic soda and sulphur.
The chemical process is energy self-sufficient as nearly all by-products can be used to fire the pulp mill power plant. The chemical pulping process produces lower fibre yield than mechanical pulping, typically 50-60%.

Mechanical Pulping Process

Mechanical pulp yields over 90% of the wood as fiber is produced by forcing debarked logs, about two meters long, and hot water between enormous rotating steel discs with teeth that literally tear the wood apart. Alternatively, logs can be pressed against grindstones which is why this process is also known as ground wood pulp.

Trees contain up to 30% lignin, a material which is sensitive to light and degrades, and turns brown in sunlight, which explains why papers made from mechanical pulp will discolor. An example of this is newsprint. Newsprint is designed to have a short life span, and if left for a long period of time will lose its whiteness and strength. The special advantages of mechanical pulp are that it makes the paper opaque and bulky.

Hydrapulper

When the bales of wood pulp or waste paper arrive at the paper mill they are loaded onto a conveyor and passed into a circular tank containing water. This has a very powerful agitator at the bottom which breaks up the bales into small pieces.
The pulp mass created begins to look like thick porridge. This machine is known as a Hydrapulper. It operates automatically and when the disintegrating process is complete it discharges the pulp into large storage tanks.

Hydrapulpers used mainly for handling waste paper are fitted with special devices for removing unwanted contraries such as wire, plastic, paper clips, staples etc.

Blend Chest

The stock passes to a blend chest where numerous chemicals can be added to obtain the required characteristics to the finished paper. Dyes are also added, as necessary, to color the paper. Dyes fix themselves to the cellulose fibers and are fast to light and water.
Each grade of paper and board requires a very accurate blend of pulps and additives and the properties of the paper are continually monitored by computers during manufacture.

Waste Paper

Waste paper is collected from Waste Paper Banks and Commercial collections. When you deposit your used papers into a waste paper bank, you are sorting the paper into grades before the merchant collects it. This is why you can only put certain papers into a particular bank.
Many offices have in place an office recycling scheme. Again the waste paper is usually segregated ready to be collected.
Waste paper currently represents 67% of the raw material used in the UK to make paper and board.
The waste paper merchant collects the used paper which is then sorted by hand into different grades. Paper not suitable for recycling is removed.
The waste paper merchant will then bale the waste paper ready to be taken to the paper mill.

De-inking

Before printed paper, such as office waste and newspapers, can be recycled the ink needs to be removed, otherwise it will be dispersed into the pulp and a dull grey paper would result.
There are two main processes for de-inking waste paper - these are known as washing and flotation.
Washing
The waste paper is placed into a pulper with large quantities of water and broken down into a slurry. Contraries -such as staples - are removed using centrifugal screens. Most of the water containing the dispersed ink is drained through slots or screens that allow the dispersed ink particles through, without taking the pulp. Adhesive particles, known as 'stickies' are removed by fine screening.
Flotation
Again the waste is made into a slurry and contaminants removed. Special surfactant chemicals are added which makes a sticky froth on the top of the pulp.
Air bubbles are blown through the pulp and these carry the inks to the surface. As the bubbles reach the top a foam layer is formed that traps the ink. The foam must be removed before the bubbles break or the ink will go back into the pulp. Because the ink is removed from the flotation machine in a concentrated form, the flotation system does not require a large water treatment plant.

Refining

This is where the cellulose fibers pass through a refining process which is vital in the art of papermaking. Before refining, the fibers are stiff, inflexible and form few bonds. The stock is pumped through a conicle machine which consists of a series of revolving discs. The violent abrasive and bruising action has the effect of cutting, opening up and declustering the fibers and making the ends divide. This is called fibrillation. In this state, the fibers are pliable and have greater surface area, which significantly improves the fiber bonding. The properties of the paper are directly related to the refining process. Refining used to be called beating.

Screening and Cleaning

Pulps contain undesirable fibrous and non-fibrous materials, which should be removed before the pulp is made into paper or board.
Cleaning involves removing small particles of dirt and grit using rotating screens and centrifugal cleaners.

Papermaking Machine

The Paper Machine is a very large piece of machinery. A typical machine is about the length of two football pitches and around 4 metres wide. It can run up to speeds of 2000 m per minute - or 60 miles per hour! The machine itself consists of 7 distinct sections. The flow box, wire, press section, drier section, size press, calendar and reeling up.
The first section of the machine is called the 'Wet End'. This is where the diluted stock first comes into contact with the paper machine. It is poured onto the machine by the flow box which is a collecting box for the dilute paper stock. A narrow apperture running across the width of the box allows the stock to flow onto the wire with the fibres distributed evenly over the whole width of the paper machine.
The machine is operated by computer control. The computer will monitor the paper for moisture content, weight etc and computer screens will show pictures of the process and should any adjustments need to be made, an alarm will sound.
                     

Conversion and Printing

Once the paper is made, a great deal of it is converted into a product. Converters specialize in transforming reels and sheets of paper and board into a vast array of finished products for distribution such as boxes, cartons and stationery. Converters sell their products to the public or to other manufacturers.
Not all paper and board is processed by converters. Some papermakers do their own converting, for example, the manufacturers of soft tissues market their own products and sell directly to the public.
The printing industry converts large quantities of paper and board, much of which reaches the customer as newspapers, magazines or books. 

- Source (http://individual.utoronto.ca/abdel_rahman/paper/fpmp.html)

Oracle Steel Making Flow Lines / Steel Manufacturing Process

Steel is an alloy of iron and other elements, principally carbon. When carbon is the primary alloying element, its content in the steel is between 0.002% and 2.1% by weight. The following elements are always present in steel: carbon, manganese, phosphorus, sulfur, silicon, and traces of oxygen, nitrogen and aluminum. Alloying elements intentionally added to modify the characteristics of steel are: manganese, nickel, chromium, molybdenum, boron, titanium, vanadium and niobium.^[1]
Carbon and other elements act as a hardening agent, preventing dislocations in the iron atom crystal lattice from sliding past one another. Varying the amount of alloying elements and the form of their presence in the steel (solute elements, precipitated phase) controls qualities such as the hardness, ductility, and tensile strength of the resulting steel. Steel with increased carbon content can be made harder and stronger than iron, but such steel is also less ductile than iron.
Alloys with a higher than 2.1% carbon content are known as cast iron because of their lower melting point and good castability.^[1] Steel is also distinguishable from wrought iron, which can contain a small amount of carbon, but it is included in the form of slag inclusions.^{[citation needed]}
Though steel had been produced by various inefficient methods long before the Renaissance, its use became more common after more efficient production methods were devised in the 17th century. With the invention of the Bessemer process in the mid-19th century, steel became an inexpensive mass-produced material. Further refinements in the process, such as basic oxygen steelmaking (BOS), lowered the cost of production while increasing the quality of the metal. Today, steel is one of the most common materials in the world, with more than 1.3 billion tons produced annually. It is a major component in buildings, infrastructure, tools, ships, automobiles, machines, appliances, and weapons. Modern steel is generally identified by various grades defined by assorted standards organizations. - (Source :Wikipedia)

Payables

Oracle Water Supply Chain Process / Water - Supply Chain

A water supply system or water supply network is a system of engineered hydrologic and hydraulic components which provide water supply. A water supply system typically includes:

1. A drainage basin (see water purification - sources of drinking water).
2. A raw water collection point (above or below ground) where the water accumulates, such as a lake, a river, or groundwater from an underground aquifer. Raw water may be transferred using uncovered ground-level aqueducts, covered tunnels or underground water pipes to water purification facilities.
3. Water purification facilities. Treated water is transferred using water pipes (usually underground).
4. Water storage facilities such as reservoirs, water tanks, or water towers. Smaller water systems may store the water in cisterns or pressure vessels. Tall buildings may also need to store water locally in pressure vessels in order for the water to reach the upper floors.
5. Additional water pressurizing components such as pumping stations may need to be situated at the outlet of underground or above ground reservoirs or cisterns (if gravity flow is impractical).
6. A pipe network for distribution of water to the consumers (which may be private houses or industrial, commercial or institution establishments) and other usage points (such as fire hydrants).
7. Connections to the sewers (underground pipes, or aboveground ditches in some developing countries) are generally found downstream of the water consumers, but the sewer system is considered to be a separate system, rather than part of the water supply system.

- Source (Wikipedia)

Oracle Upsteam for Oil & Gas / Upsteam - Oil&Gas

Oracle Solution For Oil & Gas / Oil&Gas Life Cycle / Oil & gas Process flow

Supply Chain - Forestry